Evolution is often portrayed
as a descriptive science, rather than a predictive one. Nonetheless, time
series data on ‘evolution in action’ can be used to quantify the predictability
of evolution. In this week’s issue of the journal Science we published an analysis of the predictability of evolution
in the stick insect Timema cristinae (Figure
1), using a 25-year longitudinal study of morph frequencies, experiments, and
genomic analyses.
Figure 1. The focal species (T. cristinae) used to study the
predictability of evolution. Credit: Moritz Muschick.
We find that the evolution of
both color morph (green versus melanistic individuals) and pattern morph
(striped versus unstriped individuals) frequencies is strongly influenced by
selection, yet the two traits differ in the predictability of their evolutionary
dynamics. Color morph frequencies are only modestly predictable through time, because
they are driven by multi-faceted and complex selective regimes that are still
poorly understood. In contrast, pattern morph evolution is highly predictable,
being driven by a more understood process that causes consistent up and down fluctuations
in morph frequency, namely, negative-frequency dependent selection. Thus, evolution
might often be as predictable as the types of mechanisms driving it, and our
understanding of these mechanisms – good understanding of natural history and
selective environments can lead to greater predictability.
In this post, I’ll offer a
brief historical perspective on the making of the study (rather than give a
detailed account of our paper, for which I direct interested readers to the
article itself). My own interest in the predictability of evolution dates back
to when I was a graduate student, and read the now classic 2002 paper in Science by Peter and Rosemary Grant
about unpredictable evolution in Darwin’s finches. It struck me then that the
real problem here was predicting the weather, because if that could be done
then subsequent effects on seed size distributions and the evolution of finch
beaks might be predicted. My interest in limits on predictability was peaked,
but I had to wait two decades to accrue the date required to publish on it (in
terms of a temporal context like the finch study).
Figure 2. Collecting stick
insects. Credit: Moritz Muschick.
From the years 2000 to 2017
inclusive I collated data on morph frequencies in T. cristinae in the hills around Santa Barbara, California (Figures
2 and 3), and Cristina Sandoval (who introduced me to the system) contributed
data from the 1990s. I proofed the data and centralized it into a master database
over a recent summer. When asked why I was doing this, my reply was ‘I don’t
know, something will emerge’. Patterns consistent with the conclusions above
emerged from the time series data. This was interesting, but not sufficient to
establish causality. We thus used genomic analyses to bolster the evidence for
selection, and experiments to test for sources of selection, such as
negative-frequency dependent selection. The story was coming into place, but we
still did not have the focus required to write a compelling paper. After reading
Jonathan Weiner’s book ‘the Beak of the Finch’ and having pub discussions
concerning the role of deterministic versus random events in evolution, we were
finally ready.
The manuscript was then
written, many years after the seed of interest was sown. It’s now published,
and we conclude that our
constrained understanding of selection and environmental variation (i.e.,
limits on data and analysis), rather than inherent randomness, can limit ability
to predict evolution. In terms of eco-evolutionary dynamics, these limitations
may affect our understanding of ecological processes, because to the extent
that evolution can be predicted, perhaps so can its consequences for population
dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem functioning. In T. cristinae specifically, changes in
morph frequency affect bird predation, which in turn can affect entire
arthropod communities and plant herbivory (e.g., Farkas et al. 2013 Current Biology). Thus, limits to
predicting evolution within species may be data based, with far reaching
consequences for interacting species.
Posted by Patrik Nosil, from
the Horseshoe Canyon Ranch in Arkansas.
Figure 3. Typical habitat in
which T. cristinae is collected.
Credit: Aaron Comeault.
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